August 23 Switzerland Leads the Way in Open Source Software and Digital Sovereignty
In education
European countries such as Switzerland, Germany, and France are increasingly adopting Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) to strengthen digital sovereignty, security, and innovation. Swiss law mandates that software developed by the government be open source, while Germany and France have taken similar steps to reduce their reliance on foreign technology suppliers. The EU supports this shift through initiatives such as the Free and Open Source Software Audit (FOSSA) project, promoting digital autonomy across the continent.
In recent years, several European countries, including Switzerland, Germany, France, and the wider EU, have increasingly embraced free and open source software (FOSS) as a strategic move to strengthen digital sovereignty, security, and innovation. For example, Switzerland has enacted legislation mandating that government-developed software be released as open source, reflecting a commitment to transparency and a reduction in reliance on proprietary vendors. The German region of Schleswig-Holstein has followed a similar path by switching its state administration to Linux and LibreOffice, prioritizing data control and reducing reliance on foreign technology vendors. France, under the leadership of President Emmanuel Macron, has also shown strong support for open source initiatives, integrating FOSS into its public administration to create a more competitive technology environment within the EU.
This push for open source solutions is not simply about cost savings or technological superiority. It is deeply rooted in the concept of digital sovereignty. European countries use FOSS to prevent citizens’ data from being controlled by external entities, and to ensure that public administrations maintain full control over their IT infrastructure. The European Union has further strengthened this approach with initiatives such as the Free and Open Source Software Auditing (FOSSSA) project, which focuses on protecting and promoting open source software across the continent. Despite some challenges, such as the potential cut in funding for major FOSS projects, the EU is strongly supporting open source as a means to achieve greater autonomy in the digital sphere.
China has also recognized the strategic importance of FOSS, especially in reducing its reliance on foreign software. The Chinese government has replaced Windows with Kylin Linux in the public sector, a move driven by a desire to gain greater control over its digital infrastructure. This shift reflects a broader global trend in which governments are prioritizing open source solutions to enhance security, reduce costs, and foster local innovation. These countries aim to move away from proprietary systems and create a more resilient and adaptable IT environment that better serves their long-term strategic interests.
The global push toward open source software (OSS) by these countries demonstrates a growing awareness of the benefits that open source software offers in terms of flexibility, security, and digital independence. As these efforts continue to gain momentum, they will set a precedent that other countries can follow, potentially reshaping the global technology landscape by prioritizing open source solutions over proprietary alternatives.
How does free, open source software protect digital sovereignty?
Digital sovereignty is becoming increasingly important as nations and organizations seek to protect their digital infrastructure from external control and influence. In an interconnected world where technology is often dominated by a few large corporations, reliance on proprietary software can expose nations to risks such as data breaches, surveillance, and loss of control over critical systems. Digital sovereignty allows nations to maintain control over their digital assets, data, and infrastructure to protect citizens’ privacy and secure national interests. By reducing reliance on foreign software suppliers, nations can mitigate the risk of being exposed to external political or economic pressures that could compromise their digital infrastructure.
The move to open source software plays a critical role in protecting digital sovereignty. Unlike proprietary software, which is often controlled by a single entity, open source software is developed collaboratively by a global community of developers. This decentralization reduces the risk of vendor lock-in, where governments or organizations become overly dependent on a single vendor for their software needs. Open source allows governments to inspect, modify, and distribute software as needed, maintaining full control over their digital systems. This flexibility is essential to maintaining digital sovereignty, as it allows countries to tailor software to meet their specific security and privacy requirements.
Privacy is another key benefit of moving to open source software as we pursue digital sovereignty. Proprietary software often operates as a “black box,” leaving users with little insight into how their data is processed or stored. This lack of transparency can lead to concerns about data privacy, especially when the software is developed by foreign entities subject to different legal jurisdictions. Open source software, on the other hand, is completely transparent, with anyone able to review the source code. This transparency allows governments and organizations to ensure that their software does not contain hidden vulnerabilities or backdoors that could compromise the privacy of citizen data.
Using open source software also significantly enhances security. The open nature of the code allows a global developer community to continuously audit, test, and improve the software, making it more resilient to cyber threats. On the other hand, proprietary software often relies on small, closed teams for security updates, which can be slower to respond to vulnerabilities. Open source projects benefit from the collective effort to identify and address security issues, creating more robust and secure systems. By adopting open source software, countries can strengthen their digital defenses and further strengthen their digital sovereignty by ensuring that critical infrastructure remains safe from external threats.
What is the philosophy of FOSS?
The free and open source software (FOSS) movement began in the early days of computing, when sharing code among programmers was common practice. However, as software became more commercialized in the 1970s and 1980s, companies began restricting access to source code, leading to the rise of proprietary software. In response, MIT programmer Richard Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1985. Stallman believed that software should be free for users to run, study, modify, and share. This philosophy was embodied in the creation of the GNU General Public License (GPL), which states that all software licensed under it is free for everyone to use. The FSF and its supporters promoted the concept of “free software” as a matter of user rights, focusing on the ethical implications of software freedom.
FOSS is often used interchangeably with open source software (OSS), but there are important differences between the two. The term “open source” was coined in 1998 to make the concept of source code being freely available to businesses and the general public more appealing. Open source emphasizes the practical benefits of being able to inspect, modify, and distribute code, such as improved security and faster development. However, it often downplays or ignores the ethical arguments that are at the heart of the free software movement. The main difference is in philosophy. Free software focuses on the freedom and rights of users, whereas open source is more concerned with the practical benefits of collaborative software development.
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) plays a key role in promoting and defending the principles of FOSS. In addition to developing and supporting software that adheres to the principles of freedom, the FSF also engages in advocacy and legal efforts to protect the rights of software users. One of the FSF’s most important contributions is the development of the GNU Project, a free operating system that, when combined with the Linux kernel, forms a completely free and open operating system. The FSF also provides legal resources and support to ensure that software licensed under the GPL remains free and not co-opted by proprietary interests. Through campaigns, the FSF raises awareness of the importance of software freedom and encourages users to choose FOSS over proprietary alternatives.
In addition to developing software, the FSF focuses on helping users maintain their digital freedom by educating the public about the dangers of proprietary software and advocating for policies that support software freedom. FSF initiatives such as the “Defective by Design” campaign highlight the dangers of digital rights management (DRM) and other technologies that limit users’ control over their devices and data. The organization also works to ensure that new technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence do not undermine users’ freedoms. By providing resources, legal assistance, and educational materials, the FSF helps individuals and organizations take control of their digital lives and protect their rights in an increasingly digital world. Through these efforts, the FSF continues to advance the ideals of the free software movement and promotes a future where all software respects users’ freedoms.